Important events during the evolution of Inhalational anesthesia
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| Important events during the evolution of Inhalational anesthesia |
1020 Inhaled anesthesia described using a “soporific sponge” soaked in hashish, opium and other herbal aromatics and placed under the nose of the patient
1772 Nitrous oxide (N2O) discovered by Joseph Priestly
1799 N2O suggested for pain relief and called “laughing gas” by Sir Humphry Davy, a British chemist
1800 Humphry Davy published his experiments with nitrous oxide
1824 CO2 used to produce unconsciousness in mice and dogs by Henry Hill Hickman in Shropshire and Paris
1842 Crawford Long administered diethyl ether by inhalational route
1844 Horace Wells administered NO2 for dental analgesia in US
1846 William Morton gave public demonstration of diethyl ether at the Massachusetts General Hospital
1847 James Young Simpson administered chloroform for general anesthesia in England
1848 Heyfelder discovered anesthetic properties of ethyl chloride
1853 John Snow, an English physician, administered chloroform to Queen Victoria for the birth of Prince Leopold
1856 John Snow designed ether and chloroform inhalers so as to deliver the anesthetic agent at optimum levels. He used scientific principles and devised inhalers in which the concentration could be controlled. He also described some of the planes (stages) of anesthesia
1862 Thomas Skinner, a general practitioner and obstetrician from Liverpool designed the first wire frame for administration of anesthetic agents by open drop
1864 Report of the Chloroform Commission appeared
1868 Method of converting N2O gas to liquid for storage in cylinder developed by George Barth and J Coxeter of Coxeter & Sons, England
1868 Edmund Andrews introduced the use of O2 with N2O in anesthetic practice in US
1870 Investigations for the use of chloroform and development of inhalational equipment for its administration by Joseph T Clover, an English surgeon, improved the techniques of gas delivery and he cautioned the physicians to monitor the vital signs
1876 JT Clover introduced gas–ether sequence in anesthesia in England
1882 SJ Hayes from US patented an apparatus for generating and applying anesthetic agents. Ether and chloroform mixtures were heated by water bath and air was pumped through this mixture
1883 Oxygen first liquefied by Zygmunt Wroblewski and Karol Olszewski in Krakow, Poland
1889 First reliable pressure-reducing valve introduced by Johann Heinrich and his son Bernhard, the founders of Dräger in Lubeck, Germany for the controlled release of gases from high pressure containers—called the “Lubeca valve”
1890 Curt Theodor Schimmelbusch, a German physician and pathologist in Berlin produced Schimmelbusch mask
1892 F Hewitt from England introduced the first practical gas and oxygen apparatus
1899 SS White from Germany introduced “gas machine” with proportioned gages
1902 Charles Teter from US introduced machine for administration of N2O and O2
1903 Ethyl chloride popularized in UK as general anesthetic by Dr WJ McCardie after reporting using it for dental anesthesia since 1901 at Birmingham Dental Hospital
1905 First sodalime CO2 absorption cartridge was introduced in an elementary closed system by Drägerwerk, Germany with Professor Franz Kuhn, a surgeon—but proved to be inadequate
1906 Clark from US developed gas machine where a central valve with a slot for each gas was used to proportion the gas
1907 Frederick J Cotton and Walter M Boothby invented an apparatus for the delivery of NO2, ether, and O2
1907 First intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) device “pulmotor” was introduced by Dräger in Germany. This was used mainly by fire fighters
1908 AD Waller designed the chloroform balance which determined the concentration of the vapor received by the patient
1909 Introduction of self-administration of N2O in obstetrics and office surgery by AE Guedel from US
1910 EI Mckesson from US perfected their first “intermittent flow” N2O and O2 apparatus with an accurate percentage control for two gases and also introduced fractional rebreathing
1912 Heidbrink pressure relief valve was introduced by Jay A Heidbrink (dentist) of the Heidbrink Company of Minneapolis
1912 Ohio monovalve anesthesia machine was patented and put in US market
1914 Foregger Company from New York produced Gwathmey O2/N2O/ether anesthetic apparatus and became heavily involved in producing different items for anesthesia
1915 CO2 absorber was developed for use with closed circuit by Dennis E Jackson (pharmacologist), St Louis, USA
1917 Henry Edmund Gaskin Boyle, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, developed the first English-designed anesthetic machine. This included cylinders
for O2 and N2O, and a Boyle’s bottle to vaporize diethyl ether. The machine was named in his honor (Boyle’s machine) by the makers, Coxeters and British Oxygen Company
1921 CO2 absorber concepts refined with development of Waters’ “to-and-fro” canister, which used sodalime by Ralph M Waters, Iowa, USA, the first professor of anesthesiology in the world
1924 Circle breathing CO2 absorption system first developed for acetylene anesthesia by Carl Gauss in Germany. Apparatus was manufactured by Drägerwerk of Lübeck. Same company produced systems for use with N2O/O2/ether, which were introduced into practise by Paul Sudeck and Helmut Schmidt
1927 Circle anesthetic system was developed into the United States by Foregger and Waters. This version was tested and modified by suggestions from several practitioners, including Brian Sword who reported 1,200 cases he had done by 1929
1928 Magill’s circuit developed
1930 The circle absorption system was introduced in clinical practice by Brian Sword
1933 Minnitt’s “gas and air” apparatus was produced for analgesia during labor by Robert James Minnitt, Liverpool, England
1934 First activated carbon filters to scavenge ether vapor in expiratory limb of anesthetic circuit introduced by Max Tiegel of Trier in the Tiegel-Dräger anesthetic apparatus
1937 Definitive “stages” of anesthesia described for ether with spontaneous breathing by Arthur E Guedel, an American anesthetist
1937 Ayre’s T-piece developed—first designed for use with neurosurgical patients by Philip Ayre in England
1950 Jackson Rees added an open-ended bag to the expiratory limb of Ayre’s T-piece that facilitated manual controlled ventilation
1952 Pin-index system for gas cylinder mounting on yokes introduced
1952 Manley ventilator introduced by Roger Manley of Westminster Hospital, London. This was the first ventilator powered entirely by gas from the fresh gas supply of the anesthetic machine
1954 William Wellesley Mapleson, a physicist working in the Department of Anaesthetics at the Welsh National School of Medicine published analysis of five semiclosed breathing systems in use at that time the origin of which was not known. He classified them as Mapleson A, B, C, D and E
1972 JA Bain and WE Spoerel introduced Bain’s breathing system
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